{"id":756,"date":"2013-10-06T13:15:45","date_gmt":"2013-10-06T07:45:45","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/ucanalytics.com\/blogs\/?p=756"},"modified":"2017-01-16T15:36:28","modified_gmt":"2017-01-16T10:06:28","slug":"case-study-example-banking-logistic-regression-3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ucanalytics.com\/blogs\/case-study-example-banking-logistic-regression-3\/","title":{"rendered":"Logistic Regression &#8211; Banking Case Study Example (Part 3)"},"content":{"rendered":"<hr \/>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">The Beautiful Formula<\/span><\/h2>\n<div id=\"attachment_757\" style=\"width: 275px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ucanalytics.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/The-Beautiful-Equation.jpg\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-757\" data-attachment-id=\"757\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/ucanalytics.com\/blogs\/case-study-example-banking-logistic-regression-3\/the-beautiful-equation\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ucanalytics.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/The-Beautiful-Equation.jpg?fit=1022%2C1433&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1022,1433\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"The Beautiful Equation\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;The Beautiful Equation &#8211; by Roopam&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ucanalytics.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/The-Beautiful-Equation.jpg?fit=213%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ucanalytics.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/The-Beautiful-Equation.jpg?fit=640%2C898&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-757 \" title=\"The Beautiful Equation - by Roopam\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ucanalytics.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/The-Beautiful-Equation.jpg?resize=265%2C372\" alt=\"The Beautiful Equation\" width=\"265\" height=\"372\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ucanalytics.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/The-Beautiful-Equation.jpg?w=1022&amp;ssl=1 1022w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ucanalytics.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/The-Beautiful-Equation.jpg?resize=213%2C300&amp;ssl=1 213w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ucanalytics.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/The-Beautiful-Equation.jpg?resize=730%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 730w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 265px) 100vw, 265px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-757\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Beautiful Formula &#8211; by Roopam<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Mathematicians often conduct competitions for the most beautiful formulae of all. The first position, almost every time, goes to the formula discovered by Leonhard Euler. Displayed below is the formula.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s0.wp.com\/latex.php?latex=e%5E%7Bi%5Cpi+%7D%2B1%3D0+&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000&#038;s=2&#038;c=20201002\" alt=\"e^{i&#92;pi }+1=0 \" class=\"latex\" \/><\/p>\n<p>This formula is phenomenal because it is a combination of the five most important constants in mathematics i.e.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'comic sans ms', sans-serif;\">0\u00a0<\/span>: Additive Identity<br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: 'comic sans ms', sans-serif;\">1\u00a0<\/span>: Multiplicative Identity<br \/>\n\u03c0 : King of geometry and\u00a0trigonometry<br \/>\n<em>i<\/em>\u00a0: King of complex algebra<br \/>\n<span style=\"text-align: justify;\">e<\/span><span style=\"text-align: justify; font-family: georgia, palatino;\">: King of logarithms<\/span><\/p>\n<p>It is just beautiful how such a simple equation links these fundamental constants in mathematics.\u00a0 I was mesmerized when I learned this Euler\u2019s formula in high school and still am. Euler is also responsible for coining the symbol e (our king of the logarithm), which is sometimes also known as Euler\u2019s constant. The name is an apt choice for another reason \u2013 Euler is considered the most prolific mathematician of all time. He used to produce novel mathematics at an exponential rate. This is particularly startling since Euler was partially blind for more than half his life and completely blind for around last two decades of his life. Incidentally, he was producing a high-quality scientific paper a week for a significant period when he was completely blind.<\/p>\n<p>Today, before we discuss logistic regression, we must pay tribute to the great man, Leonhard Euler as Euler\u2019s constant (e) forms the core of logistic regression.<\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">Case Study Example &#8211; Banking<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>In our last two articles <a href=\"http:\/\/ucanalytics.com\/blogs\/data-visualization-case-study-banking\/\">(part 1)<\/a> &amp; <a href=\"http:\/\/ucanalytics.com\/blogs\/data-visualization-case-study-banking-part-2\/\">(Part 2)<\/a>, you were playing the role of the Chief Risk Officer (CRO) for CyndiCat bank. The bank had disbursed 60816 auto loans in the quarter between April\u2013June 2012. Additionally, you had noticed around 2.5% of bad rate. You did some exploratory data analysis (EDA) using tools of data visualization and found a relationship between age <a href=\"http:\/\/ucanalytics.com\/blogs\/data-visualization-case-study-banking\/\">(Part 1)<\/a> &amp; FOIR <a href=\"http:\/\/ucanalytics.com\/blogs\/data-visualization-case-study-banking-part-2\/\">(Part 2)<\/a> with bad rates. Now, you want to create a simple logistic regression model with just age as the variable. If you recall, you have observed the following normalized histogram for age overlaid with bad rates.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ucanalytics.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/Normalized-Graph-Loans.jpg\"><img data-attachment-id=\"808\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/ucanalytics.com\/blogs\/case-study-example-banking-logistic-regression-3\/normalized-graph-loans-2\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ucanalytics.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/Normalized-Graph-Loans.jpg?fit=650%2C410&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"650,410\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Normalized Graph Loans\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ucanalytics.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/Normalized-Graph-Loans.jpg?fit=300%2C189&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ucanalytics.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/Normalized-Graph-Loans.jpg?fit=640%2C404&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-808 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ucanalytics.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/Normalized-Graph-Loans.jpg?resize=390%2C246\" alt=\"Normalized Graph Loans\" width=\"390\" height=\"246\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ucanalytics.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/Normalized-Graph-Loans.jpg?w=650&amp;ssl=1 650w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ucanalytics.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/Normalized-Graph-Loans.jpg?resize=300%2C189&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 390px) 100vw, 390px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>We shall use this plot for creating the coarse classes to run a simple logistic regression. However, the idea over here is to learn the nuances of logistic regression. Hence, let us first go through some basic concepts in logistic regression.<\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">Logistic regression<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>In a previous article <a href=\"http:\/\/ucanalytics.com\/blogs\/analytical-scorecards-development-part-5-of-7\/\">(Logistic Regression)<\/a>, we have discussed some of the aspects of logistic regression. Let me reuse a picture from the same article. I would recommend that you read that article, as it would be helpful while understanding some of the concepts mentioned here.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_113\" style=\"width: 508px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ucanalytics.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/5-Logit-Happy.jpg\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-113\" data-attachment-id=\"113\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/ucanalytics.com\/blogs\/credit-scorecards-logistic-regression-part-5\/5-logit-happy\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ucanalytics.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/5-Logit-Happy.jpg?fit=614%2C386&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"614,386\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"5 Logit Happy\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Logistic Regression &#8211; Logit Curve&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Logistic Regression &#8211; Logit Curve&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ucanalytics.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/5-Logit-Happy.jpg?fit=300%2C188&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ucanalytics.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/5-Logit-Happy.jpg?fit=614%2C386&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-113 \" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ucanalytics.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/5-Logit-Happy.jpg?resize=498%2C312\" alt=\"Logistic Regression - Logit Curve\" width=\"498\" height=\"312\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ucanalytics.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/5-Logit-Happy.jpg?w=614&amp;ssl=1 614w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ucanalytics.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/5-Logit-Happy.jpg?resize=300%2C188&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 498px) 100vw, 498px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-113\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Logistic Regression<\/p><\/div>\n<p>In our case \u00a0z is a function of age, we will define the probability of bad loan as the following.<\/p>\n<pre style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s0.wp.com\/latex.php?latex=%7BP%28Bad+Loan%29%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7Be%5E%7BZ%7D%7D%7B1%2Be%5E%7BZ%7D%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7Be%5E%7B%5Cbeta+%5Ctimes+Age%2BConstant%7D%7D%7B1%2Be%5E%7B%5Cbeta+%5Ctimes+Age%2BConstant%7D%7D++&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000&#038;s=2&#038;c=20201002\" alt=\"{P(Bad Loan)}=&#92;frac{e^{Z}}{1+e^{Z}}=&#92;frac{e^{&#92;beta &#92;times Age+Constant}}{1+e^{&#92;beta &#92;times Age+Constant}}  \" class=\"latex\" \/><\/pre>\n<p>You must have noticed the impact of Euler\u2019s constant on logistic regression. The probability of loan or P(Bad Loan) becomes 0 at Z= \u2013\u221e and 1 at Z = +\u221e. This keeps the bounds of probability within 0 and 1 on either side at infinity.<\/p>\n<p>Additionally, we know that probability of good loan is one minus probability of bad loan hence:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s0.wp.com\/latex.php?latex=%7BP%28Good+Loan%29%7D%3D1-%7BP%28Bad+Loan%29%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B1%2Be%5E%7B%5Cbeta+%5Ctimes+Age%2BConstant%7D%7D+++&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000&#038;s=2&#038;c=20201002\" alt=\"{P(Good Loan)}=1-{P(Bad Loan)}=&#92;frac{1}{1+e^{&#92;beta &#92;times Age+Constant}}   \" class=\"latex\" \/><\/pre>\n<p>If you have ever indulged in betting of any sorts, the bets are placed in terms of odds. Mathematically, odds are defined as the probability of winning divided by the probability of losing. If we calculate the odds for our problem, we will get the following equation.<\/p>\n<pre style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s0.wp.com\/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7BP%28Bad+Loan%29%7D%7BP%28Good+Loan%29%7D%3D%7Be%5E%7B%5Cbeta+%5Ctimes+Age%2BConstant%7D%7D+++&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000&#038;s=2&#038;c=20201002\" alt=\"&#92;frac{P(Bad Loan)}{P(Good Loan)}={e^{&#92;beta &#92;times Age+Constant}}   \" class=\"latex\" \/><\/pre>\n<p>Here we have the Euler\u2019s constant stand out in all its majesty.<\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">Coarse Classing<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Now, let create coarse classes from the data-set we have seen in the first article of this series for age groups. Coarse classes are formed by combining the groups that have similar bad rates while maintaining the overall trend for bad rates. We have done the same thing for age groups as shown below.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_816\" style=\"width: 646px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ucanalytics.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/Coarse-Classing1.jpg\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-816\" data-attachment-id=\"816\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/ucanalytics.com\/blogs\/case-study-example-banking-logistic-regression-3\/coarse-classing-2\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ucanalytics.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/Coarse-Classing1.jpg?fit=707%2C350&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"707,350\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Coarse Classing\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ucanalytics.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/Coarse-Classing1.jpg?fit=300%2C148&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ucanalytics.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/Coarse-Classing1.jpg?fit=640%2C317&amp;ssl=1\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-816 \" title=\"Table 1 - Coarse Class\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ucanalytics.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/Coarse-Classing1.jpg?resize=636%2C315\" alt=\"Coarse Classing\" width=\"636\" height=\"315\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ucanalytics.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/Coarse-Classing1.jpg?w=707&amp;ssl=1 707w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ucanalytics.com\/blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/Coarse-Classing1.jpg?resize=300%2C148&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 636px) 100vw, 636px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-816\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Table 1 &#8211; Coarse Class<\/p><\/div>\n<p>We will use the above four coarse classes to run our logistic regression algorithm. As discussed in the earlier article the algorithm tries to optimize Z. In our case, Z is a linear combination of age groups i.e Z = G1+G2+G3+Constant. You must have noticed that we have not used G4 in this equation.\u00a0This is because the constant will absorb the information for G4. This is similar to using dummy variables in linear regression. If you want to learn more about this, you could post your questions on this blog and we can discuss it further.<\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">Logistic Regression<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Now, we are all set to generate our final logistic regression through a statistical program for the following equation.<\/p>\n<pre style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s0.wp.com\/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7BP%28Bad+Loan%29%7D%7BP%28Good+Loan%29%7D%3De%5E%7B%5Cbeta+_%7B1%7D%5Ctimes+G_%7B1%7D%2B%5Cbeta+_%7B2%7D%5Ctimes+G_%7B2%7D%2B%5Cbeta+_%7B3%7D%5Ctimes+G_%7B3%7D%2BConstant%7D+++&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000&#038;s=2&#038;c=20201002\" alt=\"&#92;frac{P(Bad Loan)}{P(Good Loan)}=e^{&#92;beta _{1}&#92;times G_{1}+&#92;beta _{2}&#92;times G_{2}+&#92;beta _{3}&#92;times G_{3}+Constant}   \" class=\"latex\" \/><\/pre>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6px;\">`<\/span><\/p>\n<p>You could either use a commercial software (SAS, SPSS or Minitab) or an open source software (R) for this purpose. They will all generate a table similar to the one shown below:<\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 489px;\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #028efc;\">\n<td colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"489\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: georgia,palatino; color: #ffffff;\">Logistic Regression Results (Age Groups and Bad Rates)<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #028efc;\">\n<td valign=\"top\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"73\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: georgia,palatino; color: #ffffff;\">Predictor<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"85\">\n<p align=\"right\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: georgia,palatino; color: #ffffff;\">Coefficient<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"123\">\n<p align=\"right\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: georgia,palatino; color: #ffffff;\">Std. Er<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"47\">\n<p align=\"right\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: georgia,palatino; color: #ffffff;\">Z<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"38\">\n<p align=\"right\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: georgia,palatino; color: #ffffff;\">P<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"123\">\n<p align=\"right\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: georgia,palatino; color: #ffffff;\">Odds Ratio<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color: #bccdd1;\" nowrap=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino;\"><b>Constant<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"85\">\n<p align=\"right\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino;\">-4.232<b><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"123\">\n<p align=\"right\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino;\">0.074456<b><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"47\">\n<p align=\"right\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino;\">-56.84<b><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"38\">\n<p align=\"right\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino;\">0<b><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"123\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color: #bccdd1;\" nowrap=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino;\"><b>G1<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"85\">\n<p align=\"right\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino;\">1.123<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"123\">\n<p align=\"right\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino;\">0.103026<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"47\">\n<p align=\"right\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino;\">10.9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"38\">\n<p align=\"right\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino;\">0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"123\">\n<p align=\"right\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino;\">3.07<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color: #bccdd1;\" nowrap=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino;\"><b>G2<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"85\">\n<p align=\"right\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino;\">0.909<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"123\">\n<p align=\"right\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino;\">0.0919<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"47\">\n<p align=\"right\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino;\">9.89<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"38\">\n<p align=\"right\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino;\">0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"123\">\n<p align=\"right\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino;\">2.48<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color: #bccdd1;\" nowrap=\"nowrap\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino;\"><b>G3<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"85\">\n<p align=\"right\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino;\">0.508<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"123\">\n<p align=\"right\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino;\">0.082846<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"47\">\n<p align=\"right\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino;\">6.14<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"38\">\n<p align=\"right\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino;\">0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"123\">\n<p align=\"right\"><span style=\"font-family: georgia, palatino;\">1.66<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Let us quickly decipher this table and understand how the coefficients are estimated here. Let us look at the last column in this table i.e. Odds Ratio. How did the software arrive at the value of 3.07 for G1? The odds (bad loans\/good loans) for G1 are 206\/4615 = 4.46% (refer to above\u00a0Table 1 &#8211; Coarse Class). Additionally, odds for G4 (the baseline group) are 183\/12605 =1.45%. \u00a0The odds ratio is the ratio of these two numbers 4.46%\/1.45% = 3.07. Now, take the natural log of 3.07 i.e. ln(3.07) = 1.123 &#8211; this is our c for G1. Similarly, you could find the coefficient for G2 and G3 as well. Try it with your calculator!<\/p>\n<p>These coefficients are the \u03b2 values to our original equation and hence the equation will look like the following<\/p>\n<pre style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s0.wp.com\/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7BP%28Bad+Loan%29%7D%7BP%28Good+Loan%29%7D%3De%5E%7B1.123%5Ctimes+G_%7B1%7D%2B0.909%5Ctimes+G_%7B2%7D%2B0.508%5Ctimes+G_%7B3%7D-4.232%7D+++&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000&#038;s=2&#038;c=20201002\" alt=\"&#92;frac{P(Bad Loan)}{P(Good Loan)}=e^{1.123&#92;times G_{1}+0.909&#92;times G_{2}+0.508&#92;times G_{3}-4.232}   \" class=\"latex\" \/><\/pre>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6px;\">`<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Remember, G1<sub>,\u00a0<\/sub>G2 and G3 can only take values of either 0 or 1. Additionally, since they are mutually exclusive when either of them is 1 the remaining will automatically become 0. If you make G1 = 1 the equation will take the following form.<sub><br \/>\n<\/sub><\/p>\n<pre style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s0.wp.com\/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7BP%28Bad+Loan%29%7D%7BP%28Good+Loan%29%7D%3De%5E%7B1.123-4.232%7D%3D0.0446+++&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000&#038;s=2&#038;c=20201002\" alt=\"&#92;frac{P(Bad Loan)}{P(Good Loan)}=e^{1.123-4.232}=0.0446   \" class=\"latex\" \/><\/pre>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6px;\">`<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Similarly, we could find the estimated value of bad rate for G1<\/p>\n<pre style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s0.wp.com\/latex.php?latex=%7BP%28Bad+Loan%29%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7B0.0446%7D%7B1%2B0.0446%7D%3D4.3%5C%25+++&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000&#038;s=2&#038;c=20201002\" alt=\"{P(Bad Loan)}=&#92;frac{0.0446}{1+0.0446}=4.3&#92;%   \" class=\"latex\" \/><\/pre>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 6px;\">`<\/span><\/p>\n<p>This is precisely the value we have observed. Hence, the logistic regression is doing a good job for estimation of bad rate. Great! We have just created our first model.<\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">Sign-off Note<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Euler, though blind, showed us the way to come so far!\u00a0Let me also reveal some more facts about the most beautiful\u00a0formulae we have discussed at the beginning of this article. In the top five places, you will find two more formulae discovered by Leonhard Euler. That is 3 out of 5 most beautiful formulae. Wow! I guess we need to redefine blind.<\/p>\n<pre style=\"text-align: justify;\">To learn more about leonhard Euler watch the following You Tube Video by William Dunham <a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=fEWj93XjON0\">(Video)<\/a><\/pre>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Beautiful Formula Mathematicians often conduct competitions for the most beautiful formulae of all. The first position, almost every time, goes to the formula discovered by Leonhard Euler. Displayed below is the formula. This formula is phenomenal because it is a combination of the five most important constants in mathematics i.e. 0\u00a0: Additive Identity 1\u00a0:<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"excerpt-more blog-excerpt\" href=\"https:\/\/ucanalytics.com\/blogs\/case-study-example-banking-logistic-regression-3\/\">Read More&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":932,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_is_tweetstorm":false,"jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false}}},"categories":[57,54],"tags":[8,7,6,10],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v17.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Logistic Regression - Banking Case Study Example (Part 3)<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"This is a case study example to estimate credit risk through logistic regression modelling. 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